BY Chemistry

               A  sugar substitute  or  artificial sweetener  is a food additive  that provides a sweetness  like that of sugar  while containing significantly less food energy  than sugar-based  sweeteners , making it a  zero-calorie   ( non-nutritive) or  low- calorie  sweetener . Artificial sweeteners may be derived from plant extracts  or processed by chemical synthesis.                High-intensity sweeteners, one type of sugar substitute, are compounds with many times the  sweetness  of   sucrose   ( common table sugar). As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible. The sensation of sweetness caused by these compounds is sometimes notably different from sucrose, so they are often used in complex mixtures that achieve the most intense sweet sensation...

  Cloud Seeding            Clouds are made up of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that form when water vapor in the atmosphere cools and condenses around a tiny particle of dust or salt floating in the atmosphere. Without these particles, known as condensation or ice nuclei, raindrops or snowflakes cannot form and precipitation will not occur.            Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that improves a cloud’s ability to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds. These nuclei provide a base for snowflakes to form. After cloud seeding takes place, the newly formed snowflakes quickly grow and fall from the clouds back to the surface of the Earth, increasing snowpack and streamflow.   Chemicals used for Cloud Seeding      The most common chemicals used for cloud seeding include silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice ...

  You can die from drinking too much water. Radioactive and nuclear elements actually glow in the dark. Glass is not a solid – glass is a liquid. Helium is lighter than air. Water is one of the elements which expands while freezing and according to scientists, water takes up 9% more volume when frozen in comparison to its liquid state.  Oxygen is said to be colourless but that is only applicable for the gaseous form. The solid and the liquid form of oxygen appear to be blue. The most expensive element is californium, it is used in industries. Copper is the only element which is naturally Antibacterial. Cloud is actually made of tiny drops of liquid. When the droplets gather and become heavy, that's when rain falls. You need to exceed temperatures of 1000 degrees Celsius to burn a diamond.

                     Sugar is naturally in lots of foods like fruit, vegetables, milk, cheese, and even grains. But manufacturers also add different forms of sugar and syrup to processed and prepackaged foods like ice cream, cookies, candy, and soda, as well as to less obvious products like ketchup, spaghetti sauce, yogurt, bread, and salad dressing. 1.Lower Triglycerides                   If your body weight is higher than it should be, you are more likely to have high cholestrol numbers, including triglycerides, a type of fat in your blood. Cut added  sugar and you could lower calories and body weight, which could improve your cholestrol.  2.Lower Herat Disease Risk                    High triglycerides raise your heart disease. If you get more than 20% of your calories from added sugar, even if you are...

         Benzene ( C6H6)  is the 'Queen of chemistry'. Benzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C6H6. It is also considered a parent compound of the various Aromatic compounds. The properties of benzene is a colorless, flammable, and highly aromatic liquid with a sweet odor. In benzene, there are two carbon atoms in each carbon atom and one hydrogen atom. The C-C bonds in benzene represent the combination of single and double bonds in resonance structures of benzene.   Benzene Chemical Formula is C6H6   Benzene Molecular Weight is 78u    Benzene is a versatile organic compound  applied in the various chemical industries such as in the manufacture of plastics, rubbers, lubricants, and more. However, Benzene is toxic and carcinogenic and that is why it has some non-industrial uses. Here are some applications of structure of Benzene: Benzene can be used as a solvent in nonpolar substances such as oils, fats, resins, ...

  Gastric acid ,  gastric juice , or  stomach acid  is a digestive fluid formed within the stomach lining . With a  pH  between 1 and 3, gastric acid  plays a key role in digestion of  proteins by activating  digestive enzymes , which together break down the long chain of amino acids  of proteins. The primary active component of gastric acid is Hydrochloric acid  ( HCl ), which is produced by  parietal cells in the gastric gland  in the stomach. The secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi ) from which the "hydrochloric acid" is secreted into the  lumen of the stomach. The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen , a level maintained by the proton    pump . A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily .  Gastric aci...

Dopamine:  Dopamine is a neurotransmitter produced by the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain that helps you feel pleasure. It’s an important part in your reward system, meaning the brain releases dopamine when you do things that feel good or pleasurable or when you complete a task. Dopamine also helps with movement and motivation.  Serotonin.  Serotonin is another neurotransmitter produced when you feel satisfaction or importance. It also helps regulate your sleep, appetite and mood. Many anti-depressant medications are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) that help boost levels of serotonin.  Oxytocin.  Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that produces feelings of love and connection. Also known as the cuddle hormone, the brain may produce oxytocin during sex or maternal behavior such as childbirth or breastfeeding.  Endorphins.  Endorphins are opioid peptides produced by the hyp...

 What is GMT?           Greenwich Mean Time is the yearly average of the time each day when the sun crosses the Prime Meridian at the Royal Observatory Greenwich. Solar time varies throughout the year, as the time interval between the sun crossing a set meridian line changes. GMT stands for Greenwich Mean Time, the local clock time at Greenwich. From 1884 until 1972, GMT was the international standard of civil time. though it has now been replaced by coordinated universal time (UTC), GMT is still the legal time in Britain in the winter, used by the Met Office, Royal Navy and BBC World service. Greenwich Mean Time is also the name of the time zone used by some countries in Africa and Western Europe, including in Iceland all year round. How did Greenwich Mean Time Begin ?       It wasn't until the invention of the Pendulum clock in the 1650s that it was possible to work out the relationship between mean (clock) time and solar time.   ...

           Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty  acids having cleansing action in water. They are used as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes. Examples : sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid. Saponification method     Saponification is a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye using aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Soap in your skin Soap is alkaline, which irritates sensitive skin, which is normally acidic. Alkaline skin degrades quickly as protease enzymes are activated that destroy the skin proteins. It makes the skin dry. It affects the structure of the skin. It affects the good bacteria on your skin. It can cause allergic reactions . Soap forms scum when used with hard water (water that contains a high amount of calcium in solution). The scum stops the surfactant properties, so one tends to use more soap....

      Diwali generally falls somewhere in October or November and it is much grander in North India that it is in the South. October/November is also the time when the season is changing, and its a weird kind of weather. Its raining, its humid and its cold at nights. Its also the time of the year, when you can get sick easily.        Th e mixed weather of the season supports the growth and spread of bacteria and germs. An ignited oil lamp, the chemicals emitted from the flame kills germs from the atmosphere around it. And the effect is multiplied when you light hundreds of them. Do you see where I am getting at? (also, when there is a death in the house, there is a lamp kept burning for several days. It all makes sense now.)  The light of a diya also meddles with the magnetic field around, the electro-magnetic waves produced linger on your skin. They activate your blood cells, increases your immunity and makes you feel good.  That is why duri...

Dr.Radhakrishnan was nominated 16 times for the Noble Prize in Literature and nearly 11 times for Noble Peace Prize . The First book of Dr.Radhakrishnan was about the Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. He was appointed as a spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford . Oxford University started the Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships and the Radhakrishnan Memorial Award. He was elected as Chairman of UNISCO 's Executive board. At the age of 16 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan married Sivakamu. For almost 51 years, Radhakrishnan and Sivakamu were blissfully married. Dr.Radhakrishnan students were so fond of him that he was taken to the Railway Station from the University in a flower decked carriage pulled by his students from University of Mysore . Dr.Radhakrishnan accepted only Rs.2500 out of Rs.10,000 salary and the Remaining amount was donated to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund every month during his tenure as the President of India....

         Generally Vinayaka Chathurthi is celebrated during the month of August or September just before the setting of Northeast monsoon in October.         The dry summer would have made water sources porous and rivers might have been running shallowly. Thus the clay from the idols when suspended in water would form a colloid that would coagulate the pores and form a layer that has very fine pores.         Water would find it difficult to move towards gravity in such a condition and thus sort to lateral imbibitions. This would naturally lead to increase and rise in the ground water level on the setting up of the monsoon. Our ancestors approached everything with a scientific knowledge.           

                                RO (Reverse Osmosis) water filtration is one of the most popular and cost-effective water filtration method.   In simple terms, a reverse osmosis water filter works as water is forced across a semi-permeable membrane, leaving contaminants behind that are flushed down the drain. The clean drinking water collects in a holding tank. RO filtration method are as follows: A sediment filter to trap particles, including rust and calcium carbonate  A second sediment filter with smaller pores An activated carbon  filter to trap organic chemicals and chlorine, which will attack and degrade certain types of thin-film composite membrane. Optionally, an ultraviolet  lamp for sterilizing any microbes that may escape filtering by the reverse osmosis membrane. Optionally, a second carbon filter to capture tho...

What is Alcohol?           Ethanol is simply called as Alcohol. Its also referred as Ethyl alcohol or Grain alcohol - the Primary ingredient in alcoholic bevvies. Ethanol is a colorless liquid that is a byproduct of plant fermentation. Ethanol is formed when yeast ferments the sugar in plants.  The Maximum of Alcohol percentage in beverages is 70-95% (Vodka). What happens to Human body?          Alcohol is mainly a depressant, but it actually has stimulating effects when you first start drinking. It begins to do its work as earlier, it reaches your mouth, and its effects become more noticeable as the alcohol makes its way through your body.  Mouth : As soon as alcohol passes your lips, some of it gets into your bloodstream through the tiny blood vessels in your mouth and tongue. Stomach and Small Intestine : Up to 20% of the Alcohol you drink goes into your bloodstream through your stomach. The rest of it gets in your bl...

            Chemistry plays an important role in determining the current state and the predictions of the future state of earth's climate because a large number of agents that force earth's climate are chemically active. Chemical processes in the atmosphere to determine the abundances and properties of atmospheric forcing agents.           The atmosphere enables life on Earth. It is a relatively thin layer of gases surrounding our planet. The life-sustaining composition of the atmosphere is unique compared to other planets in the solar system. By volume, dry air is a mixture of various gases. Due to gravity, air density decreases with altitude. Because of Photochemical Reactions initiated by the absorption of energy from sunlight, the constituents of dry air vary in the different layers of the atmosphere.           The major constituents of air are Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (1%...

                                     Antoine Lavoisier I consider nature a vast chemical laboratory in which combustion and decomposition are formed.                                                                                              - Antoine Lavoisier Unknown and interesting Facts:  Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was born to a wealthy family of nobility in Paris on 26 August 1743. The son of an attorney at Parliament of Paris. At the school, his scientific interests were aroused, and studied chemistry, botany, astronomy and mathematics.  He was able to spend much of his three years ...

 Acids in fruits What is Acid?          A typical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, turn blue litmus red, typically  corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind. An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ( H + ) ions when it is added to water. A hydrogen ion is just a proton and no electron.          Even human body contains Acid for its various purpose. The most important acids of human body are amino acids, fatty acids, ascorbic acids and hydrochloric acids.  Acids in fruits          Acids are present in most of the fruits.  It's not healthy habit to have fruits in empty stomach. For example, if you drink milk in empty stomach, you might suffer from acid re-flux. The increase in production of stomach acid and weakened stomach muscle in esophagus are main cause of acid re-flux. milk also causes acidity. Likewise, fruits also cause some acidity in empty stomach, ...